Which of the following is NOT a cause of chronic kidney disease?

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is often a result of various long-term health conditions and lifestyle factors that contribute to kidney damage over time.

Diabetes is one of the leading causes of CKD as high blood sugar levels can damage the kidneys' filtering system. Hypertension or high blood pressure is another significant contributor; it can strain the kidneys and impair their function.

Smoking has also been associated with an increased risk of developing CKD. It negatively affects blood flow and can further exacerbate other health issues, including diabetes and hypertension, leading to kidney damage.

In contrast, excessive exercise does not have a direct causal link to chronic kidney disease. While extreme or inadequate hydration during prolonged exercise may momentarily stress the kidneys, it does not lead to the progressive deterioration of kidney function characteristic of CKD in the way that diabetes, hypertension, and smoking do. Therefore, excessive exercise is not recognized as a cause of chronic kidney disease.