What is the primary cause of COPD?

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is primarily caused by long-term exposure to substances that irritate and damage the lungs. The most significant risk factor is smoking, which leads to inflammation and damage of the airways and lung tissue over time. Nicotine and other harmful chemicals in tobacco smoke contribute to the destruction of alveoli (the tiny air sacs in the lungs) and the airways, resulting in chronic bronchitis and emphysema, the two main components of COPD.

While factors like viral infections, environmental allergens, and even lack of physical activity can influence the severity of the disease or exacerbate its symptoms, smoking remains the leading cause due to the extent of lung damage it produces. This makes the connection between smoking and the development of COPD well-established and supported by extensive research in respiratory health.