What defines diabetes mellitus?

Diabetes mellitus is primarily defined as a condition that affects insulin production or response, which is accurately captured in the correct answer. The disease encompasses various forms, including type 1 diabetes, where the body produces little or no insulin due to autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, and type 2 diabetes, which involves insulin resistance where the body does not respond effectively to insulin. Both types lead to elevated blood glucose levels as a consequence of inadequate insulin action.

While high blood sugar is a significant characteristic of diabetes mellitus, focusing solely on this symptom overlooks the underlying issues related to insulin production and function. Identifying the core drivers of diabetes—whether it be insufficient insulin or the body’s inability to use insulin effectively—provides a deeper understanding critical for effective management and treatment of the condition.

The other options do not accurately define diabetes mellitus. A genetic disorder causing kidney failure and cardiovascular disease relate to different aspects of health and do not encapsulate the mechanisms and implications surrounding diabetes.